er<\/sup>septembre, nous avons transmis nos recommandations finales, appelant \u00e0 une refonte majeure du rapport Doing Business, et notamment \u00e0 mettre un terme \u00e0 la pratique du classement des pays. Deux semaines plus tard, la Banque mondialeannon\u00e7ait abandonner d\u00e9finitivement le rapport, \u00e0 l\u2019issue d\u2019une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e par un cabinet juridique ext\u00e9rieur, ayant conclu qu\u2019un certain nombre de donn\u00e9es avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment manipul\u00e9es pour modifier le classement de plusieurs pays, en particulier celui de la Chine et de l\u2019Arabie saoudite.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAu-del\u00e0 du d\u00e9bat autour des incidents r\u00e9ellement survenus par le pass\u00e9, la fin du rapport Doing Business s\u2019accompagne d\u2019importantes cons\u00e9quences. Nous savons aujourd\u2019hui que le monde a besoin d\u2019un outil pour mesurer les conditions d\u2019affaires au sein des pays, leur attractivit\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis des investissements directs \u00e9trangers, et que les donn\u00e9es issues d\u2019un tel projet s\u2019av\u00e8rent extr\u00eamement utiles \u00e0 la fois pour les chercheurs, les entreprises et les dirigeants politiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La Banque mondiale a d\u2019ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait savoir son intention de continuer de travailler sur les questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019environnement des affaires. Pour se r\u00e9affirmer dans ce domaine, il va n\u00e9anmoins lui falloir rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 un profond d\u00e9ficit de confiance, et prendre des mesures drastiques pour r\u00e9tablir l\u2019adh\u00e9sion du public \u00e0 ses donn\u00e9es. Nos recommandations sur la refonte du rapport Doing Business peuvent faire office de crit\u00e8res minimums auxquels devrait se conformer toute d\u00e9marche dans cette direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Premi\u00e8rement, la Banque mondiale ne devrait pas \u00e9laborer de nouvel indice pour classer les pays, comme le faisait le rapport Doing Business. Ces indices cumul\u00e9s sont en effet in\u00e9vitablement arbitraires, et les classements font appel \u00e0 des jugements normatifs qui s\u2019op\u00e8rent bien au-del\u00e0 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de preuve disponibles. Avant m\u00eame le r\u00e9cent scandale d\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s dans les donn\u00e9es, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de repenser la m\u00e9thodologie \u00e0 l\u2019appui de nombreux indicateurs du rapport Doing Business apparaissait \u00e9vidente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Le probl\u00e8me central du rapport Doing Business r\u00e9side en ce qu\u2019il ne sondait pas v\u00e9ritablement les entreprises, et ne mesurait pas les co\u00fbts r\u00e9els li\u00e9s \u00e0 la conduite des affaires pour un ensemble repr\u00e9sentatif de petites et moyennes entreprises. Au lieu de cela, il se fondait sur le jugement d\u2019un petit groupe d\u2019experts, qui \u00e9taient invit\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les co\u00fbts de r\u00e9glementation d\u2019une entreprise hypoth\u00e9tique, souvent peu repr\u00e9sentative d\u2019un grand nombre d\u2019autres au sein des pays examin\u00e9s par la Banque. Cet accent plac\u00e9 sur des \u00e9valuations de jure doit \u00eatre remplac\u00e9 par les conditions de facto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Par chance, plusieurs sondages distincts men\u00e9s par la Banque mondiale ont p\u00e9riodiquement interrog\u00e9 des dirigeants d\u2019entreprises r\u00e9elles, sur les m\u00eame questions que celles du rapport Doing Business, concernant la dur\u00e9e n\u00e9cessaire pour immatriculer une entreprise, pour obtenir un permis de construire, pour le d\u00e9douanement des marchandises, etc. Or, les r\u00e9ponses propres \u00e0 ces entreprises se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es tout \u00e0 fait diff\u00e9rentes de celles formul\u00e9es par les experts du rapport Doing Business. Si celui-ci doit avoir un successeur, il s\u2019agira de se fonder sur des donn\u00e9es r\u00e9elles, et non hypoth\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Un deuxi\u00e8me ensemble de probl\u00e9matiques concerne les pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9s autour des bonnes politiques ou r\u00e9glementations, qui sont implicites dans tout classement des environnements d\u2019affaires. Pour certains indicateurs, tels que les retards dans l\u2019immatriculation d\u2019une entreprise, le d\u00e9lai le plus court est \u00e9videmment l\u2019id\u00e9al. Pour d\u2019autres en revanche, tels que le taux d\u2019imposition des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, la politique parfaite fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un vif d\u00e9bat universitaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La question de la fiscalit\u00e9 est devenue de plus en plus d\u00e9licate dans le rapport Doing Business ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Tandis que 130 \u00c9tats finalisaient cette ann\u00e9e leurs projets autour d\u2019un taux d\u2019imposition mondial minimum pour les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, l\u2019indice continuait d\u2019encourager une course vers le bas en mati\u00e8re de fiscalit\u00e9 des entreprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Troisi\u00e8mement, toute tentative s\u00e9rieuse de mesure de l\u2019environnement d\u2019affaires d\u2019un pays doit prendre en consid\u00e9ration les efforts men\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00c9tat pour rem\u00e9dier aux d\u00e9faillances du march\u00e9 et assurer les biens publics essentiels. Or, la vision tr\u00e8s large de la Banque mondiale sur la mani\u00e8re de promouvoir un climat favorables aux affaires, que l\u2019on observe dans l\u2019indice Doing Business, pr\u00e9sentait plusieurs angles morts importants. Pour que le secteur priv\u00e9e s\u2019\u00e9panouisse, il s\u2019agissait semble-t-il principalement pour les gouvernements de lib\u00e9rer le passage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cette conception ne laissait aucune place aux investissements publics dans les infrastructures essentielles telles que les routes, r\u00e9seaux de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, qui sont toutes indispensables \u00e0 la conduire des affaires, et pourtant totalement absente du rapport, de m\u00eame que la moindre r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention de la criminalit\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019ordre public, \u00e0 la disponibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une main-d\u2019\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e, ou encore aux investissements dans la recherche et d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Intervient enfin la question de la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es. Une plus grande transparence serait un bon d\u00e9but. Les donn\u00e9es brutes sous-tendant le rapport Doing Business n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 publiquement disponibles, et toute r\u00e9plication ind\u00e9pendante de l\u2019analyse par cons\u00e9quent impossible. L\u2019accent excessif plac\u00e9 sur les classements, et le manque d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es, ont r\u00e9sult\u00e9 en un produit vuln\u00e9rable aux pressions politiques et marchandages autour des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La transparence des r\u00e8gles ne garantira pour autant jamais l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 de manipulation des donn\u00e9es. T\u00f4t ou tard, la Banque mondiale devra convaincre les utilisateurs de donn\u00e9es de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 b\u00e2tir un pare-feu efficace entre ses travaux analytiques et ses activit\u00e9s de pr\u00eat. La Banque mondiale devra pour cela abandonner sa pratique consistant \u00e0 facturer des services de conseil sur la mani\u00e8re d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les r\u00e9sultats dans les statistiques qu\u2019elle mesure elle-m\u00eame directement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La fin du rapport Doing Business repr\u00e9sente pour la Banque mondiale une opportunit\u00e9 de recouvrer son leadership intellectuel en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9veloppement mondial, \u00e0 travers le renouv\u00e8lement d\u2019un engagement pour la collecte et l\u2019analyse de donn\u00e9es cr\u00e9dibles. Il n\u2019est plus possible de regretter un scandale malheureux tout en maintenant que la m\u00e9thodologie \u00e9tait la bonne. Les classement Doing Business \u2013 r\u00e9sultats d\u2019indices cumul\u00e9s \u2013 ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 douteux, dans la mesure o\u00f9 ils ne fournissaient aucune photographie pr\u00e9cise des conditions sur le terrain, et ne laissaient aucune place aux investissements publics essentiels, aux imp\u00f4ts judicieux, ou encore aux r\u00e9glementations n\u00e9cessaires. Tout effort futur d\u2019examen de l\u2019environnement d\u2019affaires au sein des pays membres devra rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 ces lacunes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Traduit de l\u2019anglais par Martin Morel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nCopyright: Project Syndicate, 2021.<\/strong>\u2028<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nwww.project-syndicate.org<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Par Mauricio C\u00e1rdenas La Banque mondiale a l\u2019intention de continuer de travailler sur les questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019environnement des affaires.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":10575,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-debats"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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