Linda Schneider est directrice principale des programmes pour la Politique climatique internationale au sein des bureaux berlinois de la Heinrich B\u00f6ll Foundation.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u00c0 premi\u00e8re vue, il semble que le monde prenne enfin au s\u00e9rieux la crise climatique, \u00e0 en juger par le nombre d\u2019engagements consistant \u00e0 atteindre \u00ab z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission nette \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parmi les principaux \u00e9metteurs, les \u00c9tats-Unis et l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ont promis d\u2019atteindre cet objectif d\u2019ici 2050, tandis que la Chine aspire \u00e0 la neutralit\u00e9 carbone avant 2060. Les g\u00e9ants du p\u00e9trole Shell et BP eux-m\u00eames pr\u00e9voient d\u2019atteindre cet objectif d\u2019ici le milieu du si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plusieurs grandes soci\u00e9t\u00e9s technologiques se montrent encore plus ambitieuses. Amazon s\u2019est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 atteindre z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission nette de dioxyde de carbone d\u2019ici 2040. Microsoft vise un \u00ab bilan carbone n\u00e9gatif \u00bb d\u2019ici 2030, et entend d\u2019ici 2050 avoir \u00e9limin\u00e9 de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re l\u2019ensemble du CO2 \u00e9mis par l\u2019entreprise depuis sa cr\u00e9ation en 1975. Google se pr\u00e9tend neutre en carbone depuis 2007, et vise le \u00ab z\u00e9ro carbone \u00bb d\u2019ici 2030. C\u2019est bien simple, des engagements de neutralit\u00e9 carbone sont formul\u00e9s par tous les secteurs de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, que ce soit dans l\u2019industrie de la viande et des produits laitiers, l\u2019aviation, l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re, la finance ou encore la vente au d\u00e9tail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Or, ces objectifs \u00e0 priori ambitieux s\u2019inscrivent encore et toujours dans une d\u00e9marche de greenwashing et de diversions dangereuses, vou\u00e9e \u00e0 retarder et entraver l\u2019adoption de v\u00e9ritables solutions climatiques. En effet, z\u00e9ro net ne signifie pas r\u00e9ellement z\u00e9ro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pour commencer, trois d\u00e9cennies nous s\u00e9parent encore de 2050. La formulation d\u2019engagements de neutralit\u00e9 carbone \u00e0 long terme permet aux gouvernements et entreprises d\u2019\u00e9viter une r\u00e9duction drastique de leurs \u00e9missions ici et maintenant. Du point de vue de la justice climatique, en particulier, le milieu du si\u00e8cle est un horizon bien trop tardif. Les pays riches et industrialis\u00e9s du Nord, compte tenu de leur historique d\u2019\u00e9missions et de leur niveau actuel de richesse, ont pour responsabilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9carboner beaucoup plus rapidement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Le probl\u00e8me est d\u2019autant plus grave que nombre de projets de neutralit\u00e9 carbone ne reposent sur aucun objectif interm\u00e9diaire de r\u00e9duction correspondante des \u00e9missions \u00e0 court terme, par exemple d\u2019ici 2025. Au lieu de cela, la plupart des contributions d\u00e9termin\u00e9es au niveau national en vertu de l\u2019accord climatique de Paris, r\u00e9cemment actualis\u00e9es ou revues, se basent sur un horizon 2030. Cela signifie que le cycle d\u2019examen \u00e0 cinq ans, pourtant au c\u0153ur de l\u2019accord de Paris, se trouve pass\u00e9 \u00e0 la trappe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pire encore, la pr\u00e9sence du terme \u00ab net \u00bb dans les engagements climatiques confirme que les \u00e9missions ne diminueront pas jusqu\u2019\u00e0 z\u00e9ro, mais plut\u00f4t qu\u2019elles seront pr\u00e9tendument compens\u00e9es \u2013 dans une mesure vague et discutable \u2013 par une suppression du CO2 dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beaucoup de ces projets de neutralit\u00e9 carbone comptent excessivement sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes naturels pour \u00e9liminer et stocker le CO2 atmosph\u00e9rique. D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019actuelle tendance qui entoure les soi-disant solutions naturelles. Or, si la restauration consciencieuse des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes naturels est effectivement essentielle pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 la crise climatique et \u00e0 la disparition de la biodiversit\u00e9, ces \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes ne doivent pas servir \u00e0 prolonger la dur\u00e9e d\u2019existence des industries polluantes. Les solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature incluent \u00e9galement toutefois certaines propositions consistant \u00e0 transformer l\u2019agriculture en une opportunit\u00e9 de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, \u00e0 travers le march\u00e9 du carbone des sols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les projets de neutralit\u00e9 carbone reposent \u00e9galement sur certaines solutions technologiques hypoth\u00e9tiques cens\u00e9es \u00e9liminer le CO2 de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Les technologies de g\u00e9o-ing\u00e9nierie climatique telles que la bio\u00e9nergie avec captage et stockage du carbone (BECCS) ou le captage direct du dioxyde de carbone (DAC) sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 extr\u00eamement risqu\u00e9es et approximatives \u2013 en particulier \u00e0 des \u00e9chelles pertinentes pour le climat \u2013 et pourraient entra\u00eener des cons\u00e9quences potentiellement d\u00e9vastatrices pour les populations et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Dans tous les cas, les \u00ab solutions \u00bb de type BECCS et DAC risquent de prolonger pour plusieurs d\u00e9cennies encore la production et la combustion d\u2019\u00e9nergies fossiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Le d\u00e9bat doit se reconcentrer sur les solutions climatiques r\u00e9elles, qui demeurent aujourd\u2019hui ignor\u00e9es des conf\u00e9rences intergouvernementales de haut niveau. La discussion doit porter sur une transformation compl\u00e8te et tant attendue de nos syst\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques d\u2019exploitation et de destruction. Ramener les \u00e9missions mondiales de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) au niveau r\u00e9ellement z\u00e9ro n\u00e9cessite de rem\u00e9dier aux nombreuses injustices plan\u00e9taires et historiques qui sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la crise climatique, et qui continuent de l\u2019alimenter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, les droits, la vie et les modes de subsistance des populations natives et des communaut\u00e9s locales doivent s\u2019inscrire au c\u0153ur de toute solution climatique. Cela signifie \u00e9couter ces populations, et prendre s\u00e9rieusement en compte leurs pratiques et propositions. Le renforcement et la s\u00e9curisation de leurs droits fonciers constituent l\u2019un des moyens les plus efficaces de prot\u00e9ger les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, la biodiversit\u00e9 et le climat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Il nous faut par ailleurs laisser les \u00e9nergies fossiles dans les sols, sans plus tarder. Ces ressources ne doivent plus \u00eatre exploit\u00e9es, et les infrastructures existantes fonctionnant aux combustibles fossiles doivent \u00eatre abandonn\u00e9es d\u00e8s que possible, dans le cadre d\u2019une juste transition pour les travailleurs et communaut\u00e9s qui en d\u00e9pendent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La fin progressive de l\u2019agriculture industrielle doit \u00e9galement constituer une priorit\u00e9 majeure. Notre production trop intensive et destructrice \u00e9puise les sols et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la plan\u00e8te, et g\u00e9n\u00e8re des quantit\u00e9s massives d\u2019\u00e9missions de GES, tout en ne permettant de nourrir qu\u2019une fraction de la population mondiale. Elle constitue un facteur majeur de d\u00e9forestation, et la destruction qui en r\u00e9sulte du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des barri\u00e8res et zones tampons \u00e9cologiques a probablement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019explosion de la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Par opposition, l\u2019agro\u00e9cologie offre de nouvelles possibilit\u00e9s de transition socio-\u00e9cologique, et peut contribuer \u00e0 lutter sans danger contre le changement climatique. Cette approche peut \u00e9galement favoriser la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la souverainet\u00e9 alimentaire et nutritionnelle, ainsi que la pr\u00e9servation de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La surconsommation des pays du Nord et l\u2019exploitation lucrative des ressources de la plan\u00e8te doivent cesser. Nous devons aligner nos activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques avec l\u2019objectif de justice sociale et climatique au niveau mondial, en pla\u00e7ant le bien-\u00eatre et la responsabilit\u00e9 au c\u0153ur des efforts de pr\u00e9servation de notre environnement commun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les r\u00e9cents engagement de neutralit\u00e9 carbone ont beau sembler ambitieux, ils ne font que promouvoir un nouvel ensemble de fausses solutions, sous l\u2019apparence de 50 nuances de vert. Gouvernements et entreprises doivent abandonner une bonne fois pour toutes leurs strat\u00e9gies de greenwashing. En cette p\u00e9riode cruciale, nous avons besoin qu\u2019une v\u00e9ritable volont\u00e9 politique cr\u00e9e un r\u00e9el changement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Traduit de l\u2019anglais par Martin Morel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nCopyright: Project Syndicate, 2021.<\/strong>\u2028<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nwww.project-syndicate.org<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Par Maureen Santos et Linda Schneider \u00c0 premi\u00e8re vue, il semble que le monde prenne enfin au s\u00e9rieux la crise<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12363,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-debats"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\n
Z\u00e9ro net ne signifie pas z\u00e9ro - La Sentinelle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/index.php\/2021\/11\/06\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Z\u00e9ro net ne signifie pas z\u00e9ro - La Sentinelle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Par Maureen Santos et Linda Schneider \u00c0 premi\u00e8re vue, il semble que le monde prenne enfin au s\u00e9rieux la crise\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/index.php\/2021\/11\/06\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"La Sentinelle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/La-Sentinelle-104059864394773\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-11-05T23:01:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/zero-carbone.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"429\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"La Sentinelle\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"La Sentinelle\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"La Sentinelle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d865044e22e70a75174ce8bcad3acfb3\"},\"headline\":\"Z\u00e9ro net ne signifie pas z\u00e9ro\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-11-05T23:01:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1280,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/zero-carbone.jpeg\",\"articleSection\":[\"D\u00e9bats\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lasentinelle.dz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/06\\\/zero-net-ne-signifie-pas-zero\\\/\",\"name\":\"Z\u00e9ro net ne signifie pas z\u00e9ro - 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