{"id":72521,"date":"2025-08-27T13:25:43","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T12:25:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/?p=72521"},"modified":"2025-08-27T13:25:44","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T12:25:44","slug":"le-gaz-levier-de-la-transition-energetique-africaine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/index.php\/2025\/08\/27\/le-gaz-levier-de-la-transition-energetique-africaine\/","title":{"rendered":"Le gaz, levier de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique africaine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019Afrique, riche en ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mais encore prisonni\u00e8re de la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, cherche \u00e0 b\u00e2tir une transition qui soutienne son industrialisation et son d\u00e9veloppement humain. Selon un rapport publi\u00e9 par le GECF, le gaz naturel, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa flexibilit\u00e9 et son abondance, pourrait jouer un r\u00f4le pivot dans ce processus, en compl\u00e9ment des \u00e9nergies renouvelables. Alors que la population africaine devrait franchir le cap des 2,5 milliards d\u2019habitants d\u2019ici 2050, la question \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique se pose avec une acuit\u00e9 in\u00e9dite. Un r\u00e9cent rapport publi\u00e9 par le Forum des pays exportateurs de gaz et intitul\u00e9 Energy Access and Development in Africa: Strategic Role of Natural Gas<\/em> met en lumi\u00e8re un paradoxe : l\u2019Afrique est riche en ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, mais reste la r\u00e9gion la plus touch\u00e9e par la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Pr\u00e8s de 630 millions de personnes n\u2019ont toujours pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et un milliard d\u00e9pendent de la biomasse traditionnelle pour cuisiner, avec des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques sur la sant\u00e9 publique, l\u2019environnement et la productivit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. En d\u00e9pit d\u2019un triplement de la demande primaire d\u2019\u00e9nergie depuis 1982, la consommation par habitant stagne et repr\u00e9sente \u00e0 peine un tiers de la moyenne mondiale. Cette faiblesse traduit un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre profond : pr\u00e8s de 60 % de l\u2019\u00e9nergie consomm\u00e9e est d\u00e9di\u00e9e au secteur r\u00e9sidentiel, souvent sous forme de bois ou de charbon de bois, alors que l\u2019industrie, moteur de l\u2019emploi et de la croissance, reste sous-aliment\u00e9e en \u00e9nergie moderne. Le rapport souligne que pour atteindre un niveau de d\u00e9veloppement humain satisfaisant, chaque Africain devrait disposer d\u2019au moins 70 gigajoules par an. Ce seuil impliquerait de quadrupler la production \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique du continent d\u2019ici 2050, afin d\u2019\u00e9viter que la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique ne continue de freiner l\u2019industrialisation et l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique. Face \u00e0 ce d\u00e9fi colossal, le gaz naturel appara\u00eet comme un levier central. L\u2019Afrique d\u00e9tient environ 8 % des r\u00e9serves mondiales, notamment au Nigeria, au Mozambique, en Alg\u00e9rie ou en \u00c9gypte. Sa flexibilit\u00e9 et son abondance en font une source d\u2019\u00e9nergie particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la transition. Contrairement au charbon ou au p\u00e9trole, le gaz est une \u00e9nergie plus propre, capable de fournir une \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 stable et pilotable, tout en facilitant l\u2019int\u00e9gration des \u00e9nergies renouvelables intermittentes comme le solaire et l\u2019\u00e9olien. Il repr\u00e9sente aussi une alternative imm\u00e9diate \u00e0 la biomasse pour la cuisson gr\u00e2ce au d\u00e9veloppement du GPL, un sous-produit direct du gaz. Au plan \u00e9conomique, le gaz est \u00e9galement indispensable \u00e0 la production d\u2019engrais, et donc \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire d\u2019un continent dont la population active explose. Dans l\u2019industrie, il peut alimenter des secteurs cl\u00e9s comme le ciment, la sid\u00e9rurgie ou la p\u00e9trochimie, contribuant \u00e0 cr\u00e9er de la valeur ajout\u00e9e localement plut\u00f4t que de continuer \u00e0 exporter des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res brutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1000 milliards USD d\u2019investissements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon les projections du rapport, la demande de gaz en Afrique devrait plus que doubler d\u2019ici 2050 pour atteindre pr\u00e8s de 385 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes par an. Le gaz couvrirait alors 43 % des besoins \u00e9lectriques suppl\u00e9mentaires du continent. En parall\u00e8le, la production africaine est aussi appel\u00e9e \u00e0 doubler, renfor\u00e7ant le r\u00f4le du continent comme fournisseur strat\u00e9gique de gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 (GNL) sur le march\u00e9 mondial. Mais cette trajectoire suppose des investissements massifs : pr\u00e8s de 1 000 milliards de dollars seront n\u00e9cessaires d\u2019ici le milieu du si\u00e8cle, dont 90 % dans l\u2019amont gazier. Pour r\u00e9aliser ce potentiel, le rapport insiste sur trois leviers essentiels, selon le GECF. Sur le plan politique, les \u00c9tats africains doivent instaurer des cadres r\u00e9glementaires pr\u00e9visibles et attractifs pour les investisseurs, tout en d\u00e9veloppant des strat\u00e9gies nationales du gaz coh\u00e9rentes. Financi\u00e8rement, l\u2019appui des banques multilat\u00e9rales de d\u00e9veloppement, des partenariats public-priv\u00e9 et des instruments de finance verte sera indispensable pour mobiliser les capitaux. Enfin, sur le plan technologique, des solutions innovantes \u2013 du GNL flottant aux pipelines virtuels \u2013 permettront de desservir aussi bien les zones urbaines que rurales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le rapport souligne enfin que l\u2019Afrique, malgr\u00e9 ses ambitions gazi\u00e8res, ne repr\u00e9senterait que 3,5 % des \u00e9missions mondiales cumul\u00e9es, m\u00eame en exploitant toutes ses r\u00e9serves. Le recours au gaz naturel s\u2019inscrit donc dans une logique de justice climatique : permettre au continent de se d\u00e9velopper sans reproduire les trajectoires fortement carbon\u00e9es des pays industrialis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>L\u2019avenir \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l\u2019Afrique repose sur un \u00e9quilibre subtil : acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer l\u2019acc\u00e8s universel \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie moderne tout en int\u00e9grant progressivement les renouvelables. Dans ce sc\u00e9nario, le gaz naturel appara\u00eet comme l\u2019\u00e9pine dorsale de la transition. S\u2019il est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une gouvernance efficace, \u00e0 des financements innovants et \u00e0 une coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9gionale renforc\u00e9e, il peut devenir le catalyseur d\u2019une transformation \u00e9conomique et sociale majeure. Le d\u00e9fi est immense, mais l\u2019enjeu est vital : il s\u2019agit pour l\u2019Afrique de transformer sa croissance d\u00e9mographique en dividende \u00e9conomique, et non en fardeau. Le gaz, en attendant le plein essor des renouvelables, est l\u2019\u00e9nergie qui fera basculer le continent vers la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samira Ghrib<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u2019Afrique, riche en ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mais encore prisonni\u00e8re de la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, cherche \u00e0 b\u00e2tir une transition qui soutienne son<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":46415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72521","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe gaz, levier de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique africaine - 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