{"id":87145,"date":"2026-05-05T20:36:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T19:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/?p=87145"},"modified":"2026-05-05T20:36:43","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T19:36:43","slug":"un-desequilibre-economique-et-social-au-niveau-mondial-le-cas-de-lafrique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lasentinelle.dz\/index.php\/2026\/05\/05\/un-desequilibre-economique-et-social-au-niveau-mondial-le-cas-de-lafrique\/","title":{"rendered":"Un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre \u00e9conomique et social au niveau mondial : le cas de l&rsquo;Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Par Abderrahmane Mebtoul<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Professeur des universit\u00e9s et expert international<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selon le rapport de l&rsquo;OCDE publi\u00e9 le 27 d\u00e9cembre 2025, les infrastructures peuvent \u00eatre le moteur de la transformation \u00e9conomique de l&rsquo;Afrique et peuvent l&rsquo;aider \u00e0 concr\u00e9tiser les ambitions de l&rsquo;Agenda 2063.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le rapport 2025\/2026, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab Une affaire de choix : individus et perspectives \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e8re de l&rsquo;IA \u00bb, note un ralentissement alarmant du d\u00e9veloppement humain, avec une aggravation des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre les pays \u00e0 IDH \u00e9lev\u00e9 et ceux \u00e0 IDH faible. Le PIB au niveau mondial entre 2024\/2025 est estim\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 110 000 milliards de dollars, mais les USA (31 000 milliards de dollars), la Chine (21 000 milliards de dollars), l&rsquo;Europe des 27 (environ 20 000 milliards de dollars) et le Japon (4 300 milliards de dollars), soit au total 76 300 milliards de dollars, repr\u00e9sentent 69,36 % du total au niveau mondial. Certes, le PIB \u00e9lev\u00e9 ne garantit pas un bon IDH, car des pays tr\u00e8s riches en PIB par habitant affichent des IDH inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ce que leur richesse laisserait attendre, en raison d&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9s importantes ou d&rsquo;investissements insuffisants dans la sant\u00e9 et l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. L&rsquo;IDH<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1990 par l&rsquo;\u00e9conomiste pakistanais Mahbub ul Haq, en s&rsquo;appuyant sur les travaux du Prix Nobel d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie Amartya Sen. Il est la mesure de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence mondiale pour \u00e9valuer le bien-\u00eatre des populations au-del\u00e0 du seul crit\u00e8re \u00e9conomique. En 2011, l&rsquo;IDH a \u00e9t\u00e9 ajust\u00e9 selon les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s (IDHI), qui tient compte des disparit\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de chaque pays. Il combine trois facteurs : la sant\u00e9, l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et le niveau de vie. La formule est une moyenne g\u00e9om\u00e9trique de trois indices : la sant\u00e9, mesur\u00e9e par l&rsquo;esp\u00e9rance de vie \u00e0 la naissance \u2014 en rappelant que les syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 se financent principalement par r\u00e9partition (solidarit\u00e9 interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle) ou par des m\u00e9canismes hybrides int\u00e9grant la capitalisation (constitution de r\u00e9serves) : la r\u00e9partition, fr\u00e9quente dans l&rsquo;assurance maladie, assure une solidarit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate, tandis que la capitalisation est plus rare, souvent li\u00e9e \u00e0 des assurances priv\u00e9es ou compl\u00e9mentaires ; l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, mesur\u00e9e par la dur\u00e9e de scolarisation attendue pour les enfants et le nombre moyen d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es de scolarisation des adultes de 25 ans et plus ; et le niveau de vie, mesur\u00e9 par le revenu national brut par habitant en parit\u00e9 de pouvoir d&rsquo;achat. L&rsquo;IDH se situe entre 0 et 1. Le PNUD classe les pays en quatre cat\u00e9gories : d\u00e9veloppement tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 (&gt; 0,800), \u00e9lev\u00e9 (0,700-0,799), moyen (0,550-0,699) et faible (&lt; 0,550).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi, pour le rapport 2025\/2026, nous avons pour l&rsquo;IDH les 20 premiers pays suivants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>IDH<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Islande<\/td><td>0,975<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Norv\u00e8ge<\/td><td>0,970<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Suisse<\/td><td>0,970<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Danemark<\/td><td>0,962<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allemagne<\/td><td>0,959<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Su\u00e8de<\/td><td>0,959<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Australie<\/td><td>0,958<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hong Kong<\/td><td>0,955<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pays-Bas<\/td><td>0,955<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Belgique<\/td><td>0,951<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finlande<\/td><td>0,950<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Irlande<\/td><td>0,950<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Royaume-Uni<\/td><td>0,947<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande<\/td><td>0,944<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Canada<\/td><td>0,942<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Autriche<\/td><td>0,941<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singapour<\/td><td>0,939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Luxembourg<\/td><td>0,938<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Japon<\/td><td>0,937<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cor\u00e9e du Sud<\/td><td>0,937<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous avons des disparit\u00e9s par grands espaces g\u00e9ographiques. Ainsi, l&rsquo;indice entre 2023\/2024 de l&rsquo;Europe-Asie centrale est de 0,816, Am\u00e9rique latine et Cara\u00efbes 0,786, Asie de l&rsquo;Est-Pacifique 0,775, Asie du Sud 0,672 et Afrique subsaharienne 0,568. Les mod\u00e8les nordiques (Islande, Norv\u00e8ge, Danemark, Su\u00e8de, Finlande) occupent les premi\u00e8res places du fait de leurs bons syst\u00e8mes de protection sociale, leurs investissements massifs dans l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et leurs faibles niveaux d&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9s. Certains pays asiatiques comme Hong Kong, Singapour, le Japon et la Cor\u00e9e du Sud, avec des mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents du mod\u00e8le europ\u00e9en, atteignent des niveaux d&rsquo;IDH comparables. Par contre, certains pays comme les USA, pourtant premi\u00e8re puissance \u00e9conomique mondiale, occupent le 21e rang mondial avec un IDH de 0,927, et leur \u00e9cart est encore plus marquant avec l&rsquo;IDHI (IDH ajust\u00e9 aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s), arrivant au 31e rang en raison d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 ne couvrant pas les besoins des populations vuln\u00e9rables, privil\u00e9giant le syst\u00e8me de capitalisation et non de r\u00e9partition, des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de revenus \u00e9lev\u00e9es et une esp\u00e9rance de vie de 76,4 ans qui stagne, loin derri\u00e8re les pays du top 20 (82-85 ans en moyenne). La France se situe au 26e rang mondial avec un IDH de 0,930, dans la cat\u00e9gorie \u00ab tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00bb mais hors top 20, devan\u00e7ant notamment l&rsquo;Espagne (31e) et l&rsquo;Italie (30e). L&rsquo;IDH de la Chine, deuxi\u00e8me puissance \u00e9conomique mondiale, s&rsquo;\u00e9tablit \u00e0 0,797 (selon des donn\u00e9es de 2023\/2024 rapport\u00e9es d\u00e9but 2026), ce qui la place dans la cat\u00e9gorie du d\u00e9veloppement humain \u00ab \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00bb, se classant autour du 75e au 78e rang mondial sur 193 pays, en hausse constante par rapport aux ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. La Russie se situe autour de 0,832, positionnant le pays dans la cat\u00e9gorie \u00ab tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00bb, au 64e-65e rang mondial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Qu&rsquo;en est-il pour l&rsquo;Afrique ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Voici les pr\u00e9visions pour les 25 \u00e9conomies les plus performantes (PIB nominal), qui refl\u00e8te les prix et les taux de change actuels, sans ajustement pour l&rsquo;inflation ou les diff\u00e9rences de co\u00fbt de la vie (Source : IMF, <em>World Economic Outlook<\/em>, avril 2026) :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PIB (milliards USD)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Afrique du Sud<\/td><td>479,96<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9gypte<\/td><td>429,64<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nigeria<\/td><td>377,37<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alg\u00e9rie<\/td><td>317,17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maroc<\/td><td>194,33<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Angola<\/td><td>152,35<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kenya<\/td><td>147,26<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RD Congo<\/td><td>123,41<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9thiopie<\/td><td>121,53<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ghana<\/td><td>118,29<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire<\/td><td>112,11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tanzanie<\/td><td>94,89<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ouganda<\/td><td>73,37<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/td><td>40,47<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mali<\/td><td>33,85<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso<\/td><td>32,51<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Guin\u00e9e<\/td><td>29,93<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B\u00e9nin<\/td><td>27,79<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tchad<\/td><td>25,63<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les cinq derniers du continent en termes de PIB courant sont respectivement :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PIB (milliards USD)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Gambie<\/td><td>2,79<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9rythr\u00e9e<\/td><td>2,28<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Seychelles<\/td><td>2,25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Comores<\/td><td>1,81<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sao Tom\u00e9-et-Pr\u00edncipe<\/td><td>1,16<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant, le PIB par t\u00eate d&rsquo;habitant pour les 25 pays d&rsquo;Afrique donne un classement diff\u00e9rent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PIB\/hab. (USD)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Seychelles<\/td><td>12 977<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gabon<\/td><td>9 376<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Botswana<\/td><td>7 662<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale<\/td><td>7 628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Afrique du Sud<\/td><td>6 769<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alg\u00e9rie<\/td><td>6 047<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Libye<\/td><td>5 999<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde<\/td><td>5 995<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Namibie<\/td><td>4 862<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maroc<\/td><td>4 842<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tunisie<\/td><td>4 664<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eswatini<\/td><td>4 442<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Djibouti<\/td><td>4 135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sao Tom\u00e9-et-Pr\u00edncipe<\/td><td>4 085<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Angola<\/td><td>3 614<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9gypte<\/td><td>3 379<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ghana<\/td><td>3 271<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe<\/td><td>3 080<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire<\/td><td>3 000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mauritanie<\/td><td>2 655<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kenya<\/td><td>2 558<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Congo<\/td><td>2 404<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cameroun<\/td><td>1 984<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/td><td>1 936<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les cinq derniers pays en Afrique pour le PIB par t\u00eate d&rsquo;habitant sont :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PIB\/hab. (USD)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Mozambique<\/td><td>623<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Madagascar<\/td><td>622<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9publique centrafricaine<\/td><td>575<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Burundi<\/td><td>478<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Soudan du Sud<\/td><td>470<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autre indicateur plus fiable, le rapport 2025\/2026 : top 20 des pays africains selon l&rsquo;IDH du PNUD donne un autre classement, qui suit pour le top 20 en Afrique :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Pays<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>IDH<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Rang mondial<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Seychelles<\/td><td>0,848<\/td><td>54e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maurice<\/td><td>0,806<\/td><td>73e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alg\u00e9rie<\/td><td>0,763<\/td><td>96e (hausse vs 2022)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9gypte<\/td><td>0,754<\/td><td>100e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tunisie<\/td><td>0,746<\/td><td>105e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Afrique du Sud<\/td><td>0,741<\/td><td>106e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gabon<\/td><td>0,733<\/td><td>108e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Libye<\/td><td>0,721<\/td><td>115e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maroc<\/td><td>0,710<\/td><td>120e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Botswana<\/td><td>~0,700<\/td><td>Cat\u00e9gorie \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde<\/td><td>0,668<\/td><td>135e (cat\u00e9gorie moyen)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Namibie<\/td><td>0,665<\/td><td>136e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Guin\u00e9e<\/td><td>cat\u00e9gorie moyen<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ghana<\/td><td>~0,628<\/td><td>140e-143e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kenya<\/td><td>~0,628<\/td><td>Position similaire au Ghana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zambie<\/td><td>~0,570-0,580<\/td><td>150e-153e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire<\/td><td>~0,490-0,500<\/td><td>166e-169e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/td><td>~0,500-0,510<\/td><td>163e-169e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B\u00e9nin<\/td><td>~0,510-0,520<\/td><td>162e-173e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rwanda<\/td><td>~0,500-0,530<\/td><td>160e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bien que l&rsquo;IDH moyen en Afrique subsaharienne ait augment\u00e9, le continent reste d\u00e9pendant d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorations structurelles, les pays avec les IDH les plus faibles restant concentr\u00e9s en Afrique subsaharienne, notamment le Soudan du Sud, le Tchad, le Niger, la Centrafrique et le Mali. D&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, en Afrique, loin de ses importantes potentialit\u00e9s, un PIB en 2025 d&rsquo;environ 3 300 milliards de dollars pour une population d\u00e9passant 1,5 milliard renvoie \u00e0 la question de la gouvernance. Selon le rapport de l&rsquo;OCDE publi\u00e9 le 27 d\u00e9cembre 2025, les infrastructures peuvent \u00eatre le moteur de la transformation \u00e9conomique de l&rsquo;Afrique et peuvent l&rsquo;aider \u00e0 concr\u00e9tiser les ambitions de l&rsquo;Agenda 2063. En portant les investissements annuels de 83 \u00e0 155 milliards USD, l&rsquo;Afrique pourrait doubler son produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) total d&rsquo;ici \u00e0 2040. Pour y parvenir, alors que les contraintes financi\u00e8res sont omnipr\u00e9sentes, les responsables publics devraient privil\u00e9gier les projets d&rsquo;infrastructure qui pr\u00e9sentent les retours sur investissement les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s, favoriser la consolidation des partenariats public-priv\u00e9, recueillir des donn\u00e9es sur les investissements et mieux g\u00e9rer les risques sociaux et \u00e9cologiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Par Abderrahmane Mebtoul Professeur des universit\u00e9s et expert international Selon le rapport de l&rsquo;OCDE publi\u00e9 le 27 d\u00e9cembre 2025, les<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7876,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[56,38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-87145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contribution","category-debats"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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